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Neodymium
Discovery
Neodymium and praseodymium were discovered at the same time. Many chemists in the world believed didymium was a mixture of elements, but were unable to figure out how to separate them. So finally, when a chemist announced he had accomplished the separation in front of the Vienna Academy of Sciences on June 18, 1885, many were skeptical (Weeks and Leicester, 1968, p. 685). That chemist was Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, who was studying in Heidelberg under the direction of German chemist Robert Bunsen. Auer von Welsbach noted "Only Bunsen, to whom I first showed the discovery, recognized immediately that a splitting of didymium had actually been accomplished. This acknowledgement from Bunsen, who had, as is known, published very beautiful and comprehensive researches on didymium, showed how unselfishly this great investigator used to judge the researches of younger men" (Feldhaus, 1928). To separate didymium, Auer von Welsbach used multiple fractionations of ammonium didymium nitrate. His discovery resulted in two new elements, which he named neodymium and praseodymium (Auer von Welsbach, 1885 [2 refs.]). The more abundant new earth was neodymium, from the Greek neos didumous, meaning new twin (Hedrick, unpublished).
Definition
Neodymium is a silvery white metal that is moderately reactive and quickly oxidizes to a yellowish color in air. The metal is soft and ductile. It has a hexagonal structure, a density of 7.004 gm/cm3, a melting point of 1021 °C, and a boiling point of 3027 °C. Neodymium oxide, or neodymia, occurs as a sesquioxide with the formula Nd2O3. The oxide is a pale white powder with a specific gravity of 7.3 gm/cm3, a melting point of 2233 °C, and a formula weight of 336.48.
Preparation of Metal
Neodymium metal is typically prepared by calciothermic reduction of the trihalide, typically transparent violet colored crystals of NdF3, in a Ta crucible. Neodymium metal has a low melting point and high boiling point, similar to La, Ce, and Pr. To prepare the NdF3, a mixture of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid and 60% argon is streamed over Nd2O3 at 700 °C for 16 hours in a platinum lined Inconel furnace tube. This produces a neodymium fluoride with approximately 300 ppm oxygen as an impurity. In a second purification step the oxygen content is lowered to less than 20 ppm by heating the fluoride to about 50 °C above its melting point in a platinum crucible within a graphite cell. The NdF3 is placed in a Ta crucible, reduced with a 15% excess of the theoretical amount of calcium metal required, and heated in an induction vacuum furnace under an inert Ar atmosphere to a temperature above the highest melting reductant or product (Beaudry and Gschneidner, Jr., 1978). The Ca metal combines with the F to form CaF2 and the remaining product is a high-purity neodymium metal.
Source
Large resources of neodymium are contained in LREE enriched minerals. Neodymium occurs in the Earth's crust at an average concentration of 28 parts per million. The primary source of neodymium is from carbonatites and the LREE mineral bastnäsite. Bastnäsite deposits in China and the United States constitute the largest percentage of the world's rare earth economic resources. Neodymium is also a major constituent in the LREE mineral monazite which constitutes the second largest segment of rare earth resources. Monazite deposits are located in Australia, Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and the United States in paleoplacer and recent placer deposits, sedimentary deposits, veins, pegmatites, carbonatites, and alkaline complexes (Hedrick, 2010). Neodymium sourced from the LREE-mineral loparite is recovered from a large alkali igneous intrusion in Russia (Hedrick, Sinha, and Kosynkin, 1997).
Mining
Neodymium is mined from a variety of ore minerals and deposits using various methods. Bastnäsite is mined in the United States as a primary product from a hard rock carbonatite. The deposit is mined via bench cut open pit methods. Ore is drilled and blasted, loaded into trucks by loaders, and hauled to the mill. At the mill the blasted ore is crushed, screened, and processed by flotation to produce a bastnäsite concentrate. In China, bastnäsite and lesser amounts of associated monazite are also mined from a carbonatite. The ore is recovered as a byproduct of iron ore mining by hard rock open pit methods. After crushing the ore is separated from the iron ore by flotation to produce a bastnäsite concentrate and a bastnäsite-monazite concentrate (Hedrick, 1990).
Monazite is recovered from heavy mineral sands (specific gravity >2.9) deposits in various parts of the world as a byproduct of mining zircon and titanium minerals or tin minerals. Heavy mineral sands are recovered by surface placer methods from unconsolidated sands. Many of these deposits are mined using floating dredges which separate the heavy mineral sands from the lighter weight fraction with an on board wet mill through a series of wet gravity equipment that includes screens, hydrocyclones, spirals, and cone concentrators. Consolidated or partially consolidated sand deposits that are too difficult to mine by dredging are mined by dry methods. Ore is stripped by typical earth moving equipment with bulldozers, scrapers, and loaders or by water jet methods. Ore recovered by these methods is crushed and screened and then processed by the wet mill described above. Wet mill heavy mineral concentrate is sent to a dry mill for processing to separate the individual heavy minerals using a combination of scrubbing, drying, screening, electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, and gravity processes. Vein monazite has been mined by hard rock methods in South Africa and the United States (Hedrick, 2010). Loparite is mined by underground methods using room and pillar methods. Ore is drilled and blasted and removed from the mine. The ore is then processed by the same hard-rock methods as applied to bastnäsite to make a loparite concentrate.